Researchers
from the National Institutes of Health
(NIH) reviewed recent research on
the hormonal triggers underlying
depression in women. Noting that
females are twice as likely as men
to experience unipolar depression,
the authors examined how the female
reproductive system interacts with
the HPA-axis, which regulates the body's
stress response, to set the biochemical
stage for psychological disorders
in women.1
Through the HPA-axis, stress exerts
a powerful impact on a woman's reproductive
hormones. This can dramatically disrupt
her patterns of ovulation--causing
amenorrhea and infertility in extreme
cases. But it's a
two-way street. Because of various feedback
mechanisms in the body,
fluctuations in sex hormone levels such
as estradiol and progesterone also influence
the secretion of important stress hormones.
When this interplay becomes chronically
imbalanced--during puberty, menstruation,
pregnancy, and menopause--behavior and
mood disorders often increase dramatically.
Depression, eating disorders, alcoholism
or
other addictions may occur with the estrogen-induced
disruption of normal
HPA function.
As with many of the body's physiological
responses, balance is the key.
Overactivity of the body's stress system
is associated with melancholia (anxiety,
insomnia, loss of libido), while underactivity
is linked to atypical depression (fatigue,
lethargy, indifference). The investigators
examined the role of stress and sex hormones
in a group of women suffering from post-partum
depression. They found that chronic hypersecretion
of cortisol in pregnancy induces a temporary
suppression of adrenal function soon
after delivery, and, combined with the
sudden drop in estrogen levels, may contribute
to post-partum depression and subsequent
immune dysfunction.
The Female
Hormone Profile is a salivary
analysis of the female hormones estradiol
and progesterone over the complete
course of a menstrual cycle. The comprehensive
version includes assays of the adrenal
hormones cortisol and DHEA, for a more
comprehensive assessment of how
hormone activity may impacting depression
and other disorders.
Resources:
1
Chrousos GP, Torpy DJ, Gold PW.
Interactions between the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal
Axis and the Female Reproductive
System: Clinical Implications.
Ann Int Med 1998;129(3):229-240.
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